Content assay requires a reference standard of known purity and traceability, which is why it costs more than purity testing does.
For peptides at 214 nanometres the response is roughly proportional to the number of peptide bonds, so truncation impurities have lower response factors and overestimate content.
Reconciling gross mass to label claim
| Component | Typical share | Counted in purity? | Counted in content? |
|---|
| Target peptide | 88–94 % | Yes, as main peak | Yes |
| Related impurities | 1–3 % | Yes, as other peaks | No |
| Counter-ion (TFA or acetate) | 2–8 % | No | No |
| Residual water | 2–6 % | No | No |
| Bulking agent, if present | 0–40 % | No | No |
The purity of the reference standard is stated on its certificate, and your content figure is only as good as that purity certificate is.
The limitation is that a quantitative method is only as good as the standard it uses, and a cheap standard is a false economy.
If a supplier gives you content without the standard's purity, ask them to provide it.