Tools and references
Four hand-built references. Two of them calculate; two of them explain. All four exist because the same arithmetic and the same misreadings come up in questions here every week, and a page is cheaper than answering it again.
Diluent volume in, concentration and U-100 insulin units out — with the dead-space loss you are actually going to incur.
Referenceupdated 2026-07-30A field-by-field walkthrough, including the one misreading that matters more than all the others.
Referenceupdated 2026-07-30What is measured, what is extrapolated, and which degradation pathway dominates under which condition.
Referenceupdated 2026-07-30The label ladders side by side, the pharmacokinetics underneath them, and vial-day arithmetic.
Referenceupdated 2026-07-30Sigma-Aldrich - Certified Reference Materials
Analytical standards and reagents with traceable certificates. Every quantitative result you read inherits the accuracy of the standard behind it.
Shop standards