What I have: racemisation · orforglipron · 2–8 °C.
I suspect the usual explanation for this is wrong, or at least incomplete.
I am aware this may have a boring answer. I would still like the boring answer stated clearly.
So what is the mechanism, and how well established is it?
At 2–8 °C the question is which route is fastest, not whether racemisation happens — and the routes do not share an activation energy, so their ranking changes with temperature. 2–8 °C is the condition the rule of thumb is anchored to, so it is the baseline rather than a multiplier: everything else in this thread is quoted relative to it. That multiplier is an average over every route at once, which is exactly why it cannot tell you which one wins. A stereocentre inverts. Identical mass, identical formula; only a chiral method or a peptide map with a chiral digestion sees it at all. So the way to answer it for your vial is to pick the method that sees racemisation specifically and run it against a control held cold, rather than to infer a mechanism from a purity number that averages all of them.
Answer first: the degradation pathways worth knowing are hydrolysis, deamidation, oxidation, aggregation and adsorption, and each has a different trigger and a different mitigation.
Adsorption onto glass and plastic is significant at low concentrations — micrograms per millilitre — and negligible at milligrams per millilitre. It is the usual explanation for an apparent loss in a dilute preparation.
Aggregation is physical: peptides unfold at air-liquid interfaces and associate. Shaking maximises that interface, which is why swirling and shaking produce visibly different outcomes on the same vial.
Deamidation via the succinimide intermediate is well characterised, with sequence-dependent rates highest for asparagine-glycine motifs.
The caveat is that none of these pathways can be seen by looking at a vial, and a clear solution can be substantially degraded.
Cold, dry, dark, still. Those four words cover most of the mitigation.
edited 5 May 2025 by h_pergande — tightened the wording; no substantive change
Aggregated, published test results and vendor ratings built from submitted batches. Methodology stated, dataset browsable, no listing fees.
Browse resultsAsparagine and glutamine are the deamidation risk, and methionine is the oxidation risk.
Hydrolysis cleaves the backbone, most readily at aspartate-proline and aspartate-glycine sequences, and is acid-catalysed. In a dry solid it barely proceeds at all.
Light exposure matters for tryptophan-containing sequences and for anything with a chromophore. Amber vials and a closed box are free mitigations.
Sequence determines which pathways apply, so general statements are general.
Swirl, never shake. Aggregation is a handling problem more than a time problem.
edited 5 Apr 2025 by esben_lykke — updated for the 2026 guidance change
The short version: water enables most of it, oxygen enables oxidation, surfaces enable adsorption, and agitation enables aggregation.
Deamidation converts asparagine or glutamine to the corresponding acid via a succinimide intermediate, adding one dalton. It is base-catalysed, accelerates above neutral pH and is the dominant aqueous pathway for many peptides.
A mass spectrum resolves most of this: minus eighteen is dehydration or succinimide, plus one is deamidation, plus sixteen is oxidation, and an unchanged mass with a shifted retention time is an isomer.
Apparent loss in a dilute preparation is usually adsorption rather than degradation and is worth ruling out first.
At dilute concentrations, suspect adsorption before you suspect chemistry.
Answering this needs the physical state, since a dry powder is protected from most of these and a solution is protected from none.
Freeze-thaw cycling drives aggregation through concentration at the ice interface and pH shifts as buffer components crystallise out at different rates. Each cycle costs something.
A mass spectrum names the pathway. Plus one, plus sixteen, minus eighteen.
The honest answer is that most reported "degradation" is adsorption and dilution error rather than chemistry.
Oxidation targets methionine, cysteine and tryptophan, adding sixteen daltons per oxygen. It is catalysed by trace metals and promoted by dissolved oxygen and by light.
Aggregation at air-liquid interfaces is established from surface-tension and particle-count studies and is the basis for anti-agitation handling guidance.
Sequence decides which pathways are even available. Check the residues.
Ask PeptideStack is a static archive. Posting is closed, but the norms are worth stating: answer the question that was asked, show your working, cite the trial or the certificate, and say plainly where the evidence runs out.