Stated plainly: 99.4% · batch certificate.
I have read the primary source rather than the summary, which has left me with more questions.
I understand the headline. I do not understand the footnotes, and the footnotes look important.
How should I read this, and where are the traps?
Start from what the detector sees, because that tells you what the number means.
Integration of the shoulder — whether you use perpendicular drop or tangent skim — determines what area gets assigned to the main peak versus the impurity table.
| Δ mass (Da) | Most likely cause | Distinguishing feature |
|---|---|---|
| +1 | Deamidation (Asn or Gln) | New peak, slightly earlier retention |
| −17 | Loss of ammonia | Often with deamidation |
| −18 | Dehydration / succinimide | pH-dependent, reversible |
| +16 | Oxidation (Met, Trp) | Earlier retention, light-related |
| −128 | Missing Gln or Lys | Deletion sequence from synthesis |
| 0 | Isomer: racemisation or scrambling | Same mass, shifted retention |
Gradient slope controls resolution, and gentler slopes resolve co-eluting impurities into separate peaks — so the better method reports the worse purity number.
The ICH Q3A impurity thresholds and the relevant pharmacopoeial chapters all specify method validation requirements that almost no research-grade certificate claims to meet.
One qualification: achieving purity above roughly 98 per cent on a 30-residue peptide is fighting the chemistry of synthesis, not the quality of the purification.
If you are ranking vendors, specify a method and have all samples tested at the same place.
HPLC purity, identity confirmation and quantified content on the vial you actually hold. Reports arrive with the chromatogram attached, not just a number.
Submit a sampleFounded 1998. ISO 9001 and cGMP certified, 1,500+ staff and 200+ patents. The synthesis house behind a great many of the vials that get sent out for testing - batch-specific documentation with every order.
Visit GL BiochemIt helps to be literal here: the short answer is that two competent laboratories on identical material will disagree, and the disagreement is almost always explainable by method differences.
Tailing factor measures peak shape, and a badly tailing peak spreads into the region where small impurities live, forcing tangent-skim integration that assigns tail area to the main peak.
Sample solvent strength affects peak shape — if you inject in strong solvent on a gradient starting in weak solvent, the solvent peak can distort your main peak or create a false shoulder.
Proline conformer interconversion kinetics are well-characterised and the half-life is of the same order as the chromatographic peak width at room temperature.
The caveat is that purity without identity is only half an answer — a high purity does not mean the peak is actually what you think it is.
The practical summary: ask for the chromatogram and the method, and ignore the headline number until you have both.
The relevant detail is that gradient slope is the most powerful parameter and almost nobody mentions it, which is why two reports on the same material disagree by a point.
Temperature affects the dynamics of molecular conformation, and if a peptide has proline residues that interconvert on the chromatographic timescale, the peak will split or shoulder at low temperature and collapse at high temperature.
Mobile phase additive choice affects ionisation and peak shape — TFA gives sharp peaks but suppresses mass spectrometry signal, formic acid gives worse peaks but preserves signal.
The Arrhenius relationship for peptide degradation is the basis of accelerated stability testing and also governs how quickly methods drift with temperature.
I would be careful about over-reading a single measurement — treat it as a data point, not as ground truth.
Compare purity within a single laboratory on the same method, never across laboratories.
Worth being precise here: understanding purity requires separating the chemistry from the method from the reporting convention, and the three are not independent.
The fraction of your main peak that is actually your target versus isomers, fragments or related sequences is invisible without complementary identity testing.
Worth noting that method standardisation is poor in the research-grade space compared to pharmaceutical work, so identical-looking methods can produce different results.
If you are ranking vendors, specify a method and have all samples tested at the same place.
The single most important distinction is between what purity measures — the fraction of detected material that is your target — and what you actually want to know — how much of the material in the vial is your target.
Buffer versus acid in the mobile phase changes the ionisation state of basic and acidic residues, shifting retention and selectivity — same vial, potentially different separation.
Inter-laboratory studies on identical peptide material routinely find half-a-per-cent to a full-per-cent spreads in reported purity on the same sample.
The practical summary: ask for the chromatogram and the method, and ignore the headline number until you have both.
edited 21 May 2025 by ines_brandt — updated for the 2026 guidance change
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