Ask whether the certificate answers the question you are actually asking, because the answer is often no.
Lot number visibility is the first check, and it is the one most certificates fail — the number is not printed on the vial, or it is on the certificate but the vial is unmarked.
The part that matters: the field you have least reason to trust is the one that looks most impressive, because appearance and accuracy are not correlated.
Industry guidance on this topic is consistent because it comes from first principles rather than convention.
The caveat is that a certificate is not a guarantee, it is a data point, and treating it as anything else is asking for disappointment.
If the certificate does not trace to your vial, it is not evidence about your vial.
edited 19 Aug 2026 by tare_weight — added the placebo-arm figures