Accepted answer
97.6 per cent is at the top of what stepwise synthesis delivers on a chain this long, and it is reachable rather than fictional. Every coupling is high-yielding and none is quantitative, so the deletion and truncation sequences that survive purification are what occupies the remaining 2.4 per cent. Above roughly 98 per cent you are fighting the purification rather than the synthesis, which is why a 97.6 per cent figure on mazdutide deserves a method question — column, gradient, wavelength — rather than either belief or dismissal.
The honest answer is that the achievable range of plausible purity figures for a given vial is wider than most people expect.
Mobile phase additive choice affects ionisation and peak shape — TFA gives sharp peaks but suppresses mass spectrometry signal, formic acid gives worse peaks but preserves signal.
Reconciling gross mass to label claim
| Component | Typical share | Counted in purity? | Counted in content? |
|---|
| Target peptide | 88–94 % | Yes, as main peak | Yes |
| Related impurities | 1–3 % | Yes, as other peaks | No |
| Counter-ion (TFA or acetate) | 2–8 % | No | No |
| Residual water | 2–6 % | No | No |
| Bulking agent, if present | 0–40 % | No | No |
Integration of the shoulder — whether you use perpendicular drop or tangent skim — determines what area gets assigned to the main peak versus the impurity table.
The ICH Q3A impurity thresholds and the relevant pharmacopoeial chapters all specify method validation requirements that almost no research-grade certificate claims to meet.
Compare purity within a single laboratory on the same method, never across laboratories.